These are the terms we recommend using in this work.

• Multilingual Learners (MLs or MLLs). While English Learners (ELs) is the term most commonly used in K-12 legislation, research, and instructional resources, whenever possible, we use the term Multilingual Learners. This is because ML is asset-based and builds on the unique strengths of students who are learning multiple languages, elevating the status of languages learned at home and in the community

• Literacy. While “Science of Reading” has been a popular term to embody the research behind how the brain learns foundational skills, the term “Literacy” is used to encompass reading and writing. In the early stages of literacy development, learning to encode and decode are intertwined and must be viewed with equal importance.

• Language Development. Throughout the guide, an emphasis is put on language development. Dr. Jose Medina describes the 4 +1 language domains as speaking, listening, reading, writing and metalinguistic awareness.   

• Mindset Shifts. The term “Mindset shifts” are used because we know that teaching practice, research and instructional best practices are living.  While there has been research around language and literacy development that align with these best practices for some time, there has been an inconsistency in teacher training programs, professional development, and expectations for instructional practices across the United States.  Therefore, the shifts are meant to validate teachers' previous understandings and provide a digital space for authentic reflection and professional growth.